02422nas a2200277   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260001400188300001000202490000800212520156400220653000601784653005101790653001601841653001301857653002101870653002501891653003901916653001701955653001201972653005601984653002802040100002102068700002102089856003402110       1999                        eng d00aPhylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae (Diptera): evidence from larval stages0 aPhylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae Diptera evidence from larval   cSeptember  a1-1120 v1273 aWe estimated the phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae using 187 larval morphological characters obtained from about 65% of the fauna (85 supraspecific taxa represented by 118 species) and based the analysis at the generic level. The root of the syrphid tree was established from an outgroup consisting of other Aschizan families: the Platypezidae, Phoridae and Pipunculidae, with the tree rooted on the Lonchopteridae. The Syrphidae was the most derived Aschizan family. The Pipunculidae was the sister group to the Syrphidae. Eumerus was basal within Syrphidae. A trend exists towards increasing complexity of integumental folds and grooves across the Aschiza. In movement, the integument collapses along the line of these grooves. Grooves are evidence of muscles forming functional groups. Elaboration of independent groups of muscles appears to underlie much of the evolution of larval form within Aschiza. The basal feeding modes of syrphid larvae are mycophagy and phytophagy. Above these feedingmodes, all remaining syrphids fall into one of two lineages comprising entomophages and saprophages, each of which has a single origin within the apparently polyphyletic Volucella. Major morphological innovation is associated with shifts between feeding modes; within feeding modes, change is gradual and tends towards increasing complexity. Change is mostly in structures associated with the mouthparts, thorax, anal segment and locomotory organs. Generic diagnoses with biological and taxonomic notes and a key to genera using larval characters are provided.10a&10aAschiza [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships10aentomophage10aevidence10alarval character10aPalaearctic region].10aPalaearctic] [Nutrition / / Larval10aphylogenetic10asaproph10aSyrphidae [General morphology / / Larval characters10asystematic implications1 aRotheray, Graham1 aGilbert, Francis  u<Go to ISI>://ZOOR13600034861