@article {1087,
	title = {Die Biologie der Pipunculiden},
	journal = {Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1905},
	pages = {169-171},
	keywords = {biology, Pipunculidae},
	author = {De Meijere, J. C. H.}
}
@article {1130,
	title = {Seasonal occurrence and voltinism of Pipunculidae (Diptera) in Belgium},
	journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {71-81},
	address = {Brussels},
	abstract = {From observations over a period of 7 years (1981-87), the seasonal incidence and voltinity of 37 species of Pipunculidae (which are parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha) in Belgium is reported.Abstract 2: The annual modality of 37 Pipunculidae (Diptera) species occurring in Belgium is discussed. The results are based on data from 28 site-year cycles of Malaise traps (occasionally emergence and water traps) and material collected by handsweepings. Voltinism is detected and a seasonal sequence pattern is composed for the species discussed, showing a temporal distribution between univoltine and bivoltine species during the Summer. The results are compared with those from some other West and Central European countries. Intraspecific variability, probably caused by geographical as well as climatological differences, is discussed for some common species. Interspecific variability among closely related species is discussed as well as sex-ratios of the captures in the Malaise traps.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, Belgium, beneficial insects, biology, climate, insectpests, intraspecific variability, natural enemies, parasitoids, phenology, Pipunculidae, zoogeography},
	author = {De Meyer, Marc and De Bruyn, Luc}
}
@article {1212,
	title = {Functional, evolutionary and ecological aspects of feeding-related mouthpart specializations in parasitoid flies},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {63},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {495-535},
	keywords = {biology, Diptera, feeding, mouthparts, parasitoid, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Gilbert, Francis and Jervis, Mark}
}
@article {1304,
	title = {{\"U}ber Eudorylas subterminalis Coll. (Dipt., Pipunculidae) als parasit bei Cicadellidae (Homoptera) in Berlin (West) [Studies on Eudorylas subterminalis (Diptera, Pipunculidae) parasitizing some Cicadellidae (Homoptera) in Berlin (West)]},
	journal = {Anzeiger fur Sch{\"a}dlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz},
	volume = {58},
	number = {8},
	year = {1985},
	note = {English title: On Eudorylas subterminalis Coll. (Dipt., Pipunculidae) as a parasite of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) in West Berlin; another English title: Studies on Eudorylas subterminalis (Diptera, Pipunculidae) parasitizing some cicadellidae (Homoptera) in Berlin (West)},
	pages = {147-149},
	abstract = {The host-seeking and oviposition behaviour and the host-specificity of a pipunculid parasite of cicadellids, Eudorylas subterminalis, was studied in West Berlin. Visual stimuli appeared to be the most important factors in the location of a host by the ovipositing females, and only the 2nd-, 3rd- and 4th-instar nymphs were selected. The parasite egg was inserted into the host haemocoel between the 4th and 5th tergites. E. subterminalis was not host-specific and attacked any member of the family Cicadellidae (including Euscelidae). The pipunculid species so far recorded from West Berlin by various authors (3 species of Eudorylas, 3 of Pipunculus and 1 of Tomosvaryella) are listed together with their 20 host species, of which some were of economic importance; E. subterminalis and T. sylvatica had the widest host range.Abstract 2: During a stay at Berlin (West) in 1977/80 studies were conducted on the host-searching, oviposition and host-specificity of Eudorylas subterminalis, a parasitic fly species of Pipunculidae. The visual orientation of the female fly plays undoubtedly a dominant role in searching the host. The female fly usually selects for oviposition only second, third and fourth instar nymphs of the cicadellid hosts. The first instar nymph is rarely attacked, while fifth instar is not accepted at all. The female oviposits within the haemocoel between fourth and fifth tergital region of the host. The fly is unspecific and attacks species of leafhoppers belonging to the family Cicadellidae. The records of Pipunculidae and their hosts in Berlin (West) have also been stated.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, behaviour, biology, distribution records, Eudorylas subterminalis, hemocoel, host search, host specificity, hosts, natural enemies, NYMPH, oviposition, parasites, Pipunculidae, visual orientation, West Germany},
	author = {Huq, Syed Bazlul}
}
@article {1306,
	title = {Studies on the mating behaviour including some biological aspects of Eudorylas subterminalis Collin (Diptera: Pipunculidae), endoparasite of cicadellid leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)},
	journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Angewandte Zoologie},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {281-292},
	abstract = {Mating in Eudorylas subterminalis Collin is preceded by chasing of the female by a male. It appears to be bivoltine and overwinters in the pupal stage outside the host body. Emergence of the parasitoid from the host{\textquoteright}s body takes place either in late nymphal (5th instar) or adult host. Pupation occurs in soil or inside surface rubbishes and is completed within 24 to 36 hours after emergence of the larvae from the hosts. At emergence from the pupa, the fly always ruptures the puparium along the definite lines. Pupal stadium durates on an average 19.2 days for male and 21.8 days for female. The rate of parasitism obtained in the laboratory was as great as 52.57\%. Effects of parasitism become evident, when the parasitoid matures, this results in gross distortion of the host{\textquoteright}s abdomen, causing separation of sternites, tergites and pleurites. Parasitization of females may result in non-development or much shortening in length of the ovipositor. Abdomen becomes emptied due to consumption by the parasitoid.Abstract 2: Mating behaviour was studied in Eudorylas subterminalis (a parasite of cicadellids, including Psammotettix sp.) in the laboratory, and aspects of its biology were studied in the laboratory and field in West Berlin. Mating was preceded by chasing of the female by the male. The pipunculid appeared to be bivoltine, overwintering in the pupal stage. The larval parasite emerged from the 5th-instar nymph or adult of its host and pupated 24-36 h later in the soil or among surface litter. The duration of the pupal stage averaged 19.2 days in the male and 21.8 days in the female. Up to 52.57\% parasitism occurred in the laboratory. As the parasite developed, it caused the host{\textquoteright}s body to become grossly distorted, with separation of the sternites, tergites and pleurites. In parasitized female hosts, the ovipositor was sometimes short or absent.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, biology, Eudorylas subterminalis, hosts, mating behaviour, natural enemies, parasites, parasitism, Pipunculidae, pupal stage},
	author = {Huq, Syed Bazlul}
}
@article {1365,
	title = {Parasitism of green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler by Alloneura oryzaetora, Eudorylas cruciator and Eudorylas tsuboii (Pipunculidae: Diptera) in southern rice cultural area},
	journal = {Research Reports of the Rural Development Administration, Plant, Environment, Mycology and Farm Products Utilization, Korea Republic},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Written in Chinese - not OCR{\textquoteright}d (Abstract in English)},
	pages = {82-85},
	address = {Suwon, Korea},
	abstract = {The rate of parasitism by pipunculids on the cicadellid Nephotettix cincticeps was investigated in field studies in the Korea Republic. Of 3 species of pipunculid parasitoids present (Alloneura oryzaetora [Tomosvaryella oryzaetora], Eudorylas cruciator [Pipunculus mutillatus] and E. tsuboii [P. javanensis]), T. oryzaetora was the most dominant. Parasitism in the nymphal stage was 16.0\% for the overwintered generation, 14.0\% for the 1st generation on a fallow field, and 29.7 and 4.0\% for the 2nd and 3rd generations, respectively, on rice. The 4 peaks of parasitism occurred in late June, early and late August and early September.Abstract 2: This study was carried out to investigate the parasitism of Pipunculidae parasites to the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler in southern rice cultural area, Chinju, Korea. The percentages of parasitism in the nymphal stage of Nephotetix cincticeps at each generation were 16.0\% for overwintered generation, 14.0\% for the first generation on fallow field, 29.7\% for the second generation and 14.0\% for the third generation on paddy field, respectively. The four peaks of occurrence of Pipunculidae parasites (Diptera) in paddy field were observed late June, early and late August and early September. We found three species of Pipunculidae parasites, Alloneura oryzaetora Koizumi, Eudorylas cruciator Perkins and Eudorylas tsuboii Koizumi from the green rice leafhopper. Alloneura oryzaetora was dominant nymphal parasitoid among the three parasites.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, biological control, biology, cereals, Eudorylas cruciator, Eudorylas tsuboii, fields, habitats, hosts, Korea, natural enemies, parasites, parasitoids, pests, phenology, Pipunculidae, rice},
	author = {Kim, J. P. and Kim, C. H.}
}
@article {1480,
	title = {The biology of Cephalops curtifrons (Diptera: Pipunculidae), an endoparasite of Stenocranus minutus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	note = {London, Academic Press},
	pages = {15-29},
	keywords = {biology, Cephalops curtifrons, Delphacidae, Hemiptera, parasitoid, Pipunculidae, Stenocranus minutus},
	author = {May, Yin Yin}
}
@article {1500,
	title = {Zur biologie von Gonatopus pilosus Thoms},
	journal = {Wiener Entomologische Zeitung},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1882},
	note = {larva of Pipunculus in body of Grypotes puncticollis},
	pages = {215-221},
	address = {Wien},
	keywords = {biology, Gonatopus pilosus, host record, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Mik, J.}
}
@article {1512,
	title = {Biology of some Japanese Pipunculidae (Diptera) parasitizing Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera, Deltocephalidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {9-22},
	address = {Yamaguchi, Japan},
	abstract = {The paddy dwelling species of the family Pipunculidae in Japan have been studied mainly for their taxonomy and adult behavior, though the latter subject has not been covered completely. The biology of the flies, especially in their immature stages, remains unknown. The biology of some European species have been reported, and the knowledge obtained by these authors will be compared with the present data in the following lines. The biology of Tomosvaryella orzyaetora KOIZUMI, Pipunculus multillatus LOEW, P. javanensis DE MEIJERE and P. orientalis (KOIZUMI), parasitic on the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps, were studied in Yamaguchi University Farm and nearby paddy fields in 1983 and 1984 where the four species are dominant among the paddy dwelling pipunculid flies and other species are extremely rare. The results of the biology of each developmental stage of these four species are described here.Abstract 2: The biology of 4 species of pipunculids, Tomosvaryella oryzaetora, Pipunculus mutillatus, P. javanensis and P. orientalis, parasitoids of the cicadellid Nephotettix cincticeps, was studied in the laboratory at 15, 20, 25 and 30{\textdegree}C. The specimens were recovered from N. cincticeps collected in rice fields in Japan in 1983-84. The development stages within the host are described, including orientation, morphology and development period. The threshold temperatures for pupal development of males and females of P. mutillatus and males of T. oryzaetora were 10.55, 10.56 and 12.88{\textdegree}C, respectively. Information is also provided on larval emergence from the host and the morphology and behaviour of pupae and adults. Multiple parasitism was found to occur only very rarely. The symptoms of parasitism by pipunculids on N. cincticeps are described.},
	keywords = {biology, community structure, developmental stage, fields, hosts, insect pests, natural enemies, p, paddy field habitat, parasitoids, Pipunculus javanensis, Pipunculus multillatus, Pipunculus orientalis, rice, species composition, Tomosvaryella oryzaetora},
	author = {Morakote, Rut and Yano, K{\^o}ji}
}
@article {1513,
	title = {Adult behavior of some Japanese Pipunculidae (Diptera) parasitizing Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera, Deltocephalidae)},
	journal = {Kontyu},
	volume = {56},
	number = {3},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {653-658},
	address = {Tokyo},
	abstract = {The mating behaviour of Tomosvaryella oryzaetora, Pipunculus mutillatus and P. javanensis, parasitoids of the rice pest Nephotettix cincticeps, is described from field and laboratory studies in Japan in 1983-84. The host searching and oviposition behaviour of T. oryzaetora are also described.Abstract 2:  The mating behavior of Tomosvaryella oryzaetora Koizumi, Pipunculus mutillatus Loew and P. javanensis De Meurere is described. Mating in these species is mainly seen in the late morning and at dusk in paddy fields. In T. oryzaetora mainly studied, contact of the two sexes occurs on substrate or in the air, but the coupling of their terminalia is seen only on substrate. The female responds to the male on her back by spreading her wings, and raises her terminalia in order to accept the male aedeagus. In the final action, the male{\textquoteright}s legs hang freely and his wings vibrate rapidly. Host searching and oviposition behaviors of T. oryzaetora are also described.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, behaviour, beneficial insects, biology, cereals, fields, hosts, insect pests, mati, natural enemies, oviposition, parasitoids, Pipunculidae, Pipunculus javanensis, Pipunculus mutillatus, rice, Tomosvaryella oryzaetora},
	author = {Morakote, Rut and Yano, K{\^o}ji}
}
@article {1514,
	title = {Seasonal abundance of some Japanese pipunculid flies (Diptera : Pipunculidae) in paddy fields},
	journal = {Esakia},
	volume = {Special is},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {115-121},
	address = {Hikosan},
	abstract = {As part of the studies on the pipunculid flies in paddy fields, their seasonal abundance and percentage parasitism in the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps were studied in insecticide-treated and untreated paddy fields. Four pipunculid species were frequently caught from August to October. The percentage of parasitism in host adults by the flies was high in June-July and in October-November.Abstract 2: The seasonal abundance of pipunculids and the percentage parasitism of their host, the cicadellid Nephotettix cincticeps, was studied in insecticide-treated and untreated rice fields in Japan during March-November 1983-84. Four species, Tomosvaryella oryzaetora, Pipunculus mutillatus, P. javanensis and P. orientalis, were caught frequently between August and October. Percentage parasitism was highest in June-July and October-November.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, beneficial insects, biological control, biology, cereals, ecology, fields, hosts, insect pests, insecticides, natural enemies, Nephotettix cincticeps, parasitism, parasitoids, pests, phenology, Pipunculidae, rice},
	author = {Morakote, Rut and Yano, K{\^o}ji}
}
@article {1516,
	title = {The biology of some Hemiptera-Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha)},
	journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Fouad 1er d{\textquoteright}Entomologie},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1953},
	pages = {405-439},
	keywords = {Auchenorrhyncha, biology, Hemiptera-Homoptera, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Morcos, G.}
}
@article {1559,
	title = {The succession of fauna in the Bialowieza primeval pine forest. II},
	journal = {Fragmenta Faunistica},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {14-25, 333-494},
	abstract = {The faunistic groups dealt with from studies in the Bialowieza primeval pine forest, Poland, include Collembola, Auchenorrhyncha, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Scolytidae, Ichneumonidae, Formicidae and Pipunculidae.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, Auchenorrhyncha, beneficial insects, biology, Bupresti, Cerambycidae, Coccinellidae, Collembola, ecology, fauna, forest trees, forests, geographical distribution, insect pests, pines, Pipunculidae, vegetation types, virgin forests},
	author = {Pisarska, R.}
}
@article {1605,
	title = {The biology of Conomelus anceps (Germar) (Homoptera : Delphacidae)},
	journal = {Trans. Soc. Br. Ent.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {135- 148},
	keywords = {biology, Conomelus anceps, Delphacidae, Homoptera, parasitoid, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Rothschild, G. H. L.}
}
@article {1606,
	title = {The biology of Pipunculus semifumosus (Kowarz) (Diptera: Pipunculidae), a parasite of Delphacidae (Homoptera), with observations on the effects of parasitism on the host},
	journal = {Parasitology},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {763-769},
	keywords = {biology, Delphacidae, Diptera, Homoptera, parasite, parasitoid, Pipunculidae, Pipunculus semifumosus},
	author = {Rothschild, G. H. L.}
}
@article {1682,
	title = {Depression of dispersal of the female green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens by pipunculid parasitism and ovarian maturation},
	journal = {International Rice Research Newsletter},
	volume = {17},
	number = {6},
	year = {1992},
	note = {address of author: Raga In. Ad., Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, Nishigoshi, Kumamoto 861-11, Japan.},
	pages = {29},
	abstract = {Observations in and around rice fields in Indonesia in 1986-90 indicated that pipunculid parasitism depresses even short-range dispersal of females of the cicadellid Nephotettix virescens and that females which flew long distances were mostly unparasitized and immature.},
	keywords = {agriculturalentomology, behaviour, beneficial insects, biology, cereals, fields, green leafhopper, hosts, insect pests, migration, natural enemies, Nephotettix virescens, parasitoids, pests, Pipunculidae, rice},
	author = {Suzuki, Y.}
}
@article {1684,
	title = {Effects of pipunculid parasitism on the population dynamics of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Distant},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Association for Plant Protection of Kyushu},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {73-77},
	abstract = {The effect of pipunculid parasitism on the population dynamics of the cicadellid Nephotettix virescens was studied in asynchronous rice planting areas of central Java and Bali, Indonesia. The parasitism of N. virescens adults was greater in migrant-producing, 1st and 2nd generations in paddy fields than in the other generations, which were mainly composed of immigrants from outside the area. These included populations obtained in seed beds, paddy fields 1-4 weeks after transplanting and ratoon fields 1-4 weeks after harvest. Since the parasitism occurred mainly in the nymphal stages, the above results indicated a suppression of migratory activities of parasitised N. virescens. The parasitism rate of 1st-generation adults was related positively to the adult density and negatively to the percentage of mature females among parasitoid-free females. The effects of a greater emigration rate of healthy adults on the parasitism rate of resident populations were analysed using mathematical models. The results showed that the role of pipunculid parasitism as a factor stabilising or destabilising population fluctuations of N. virescens was quite limited.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, beneficial insects, biology, cereals, ecology, green rice leafhopper, hosts, insect pests, models, natural enemies, Nephotettix vir, parasitoid, parasitoids, pests, Pipunculidae, population dynamics, rice fields, simulation models},
	author = {Suzuki, Y. and Raga, I. N. and Nurusanti, S. and Wadrawan, I. K. R.}
}
@article {1709,
	title = {Biolog{\'\i}a de los hom{\'o}pteros argentinos: 2. Fluctuaci{\'o}n poblacional de Exitianus obscurinervis (Stal, 1859) (Insecta - Cicadellidae). [Biology of the Argentine Homoptera: II. Population fluctuation of Exitianus obscurinervis (Stal, 1859) (Insecta: Cicadelli},
	journal = {Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia Universidad Nacional De La Plata},
	volume = {70},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {37-49},
	abstract = {A study was carried out to investigate the population dynamics of Exitianus obscurinervis in an area of grassland in Argentina and to determine the impact of the most common parasitoids (Dryinidae, Pipunculidae and Halictophagidae) on nymphal and adult stages.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, Argentina, beneficial insects, biology, Cicadellidae, Dryinidae, Exitianus obscurinervis, grasslands, Halictophagidae, Homoptera, hosts, insect pests, Insecta, natural enemies, parasitoids, Pipunculidae, population dynamics},
	author = {Virla, E. G.}
}
@article {1728,
	title = {Superparasitism and multiparasitism of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha)},
	journal = {The Entomologist},
	volume = {109},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {47-52},
	abstract = {Records of superparasitism by Dryinidae and Strepsiptera and multiparasitism by Dryinidae with Strepsiptera and Pipunculidae of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae encountered at Silwood Park, UK, are given and reference is made to competition between parasitoid larvae.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, Auchenorrhyncha, beneficial insects, biological competition, biology, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Homoptera, hosts, insect pests, multiparasitism, natural enemies, parasitoids, Pipunculidae, superparasitism},
	author = {Waloff, N.}
}
@article {1735,
	title = {The biology of Neophilaenus lineatus (L.) and N. exclamationis (Thunberg) (Homoptera : Cercopidae) on Pennine moorland},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A. General Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4-6},
	year = {1965},
	pages = {51-60},
	keywords = {biology, Cercopidae, Homoptera, Neophilaenus exclamationis, Neophilaenus lineatus, Pennine moorland, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Whittaker, J. B.}
}
@article {1738,
	title = {The biology of Pipunculidae (Diptera) parasitising some British Cercopidae (Homoptera)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A. General Entomology},
	volume = {44},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1969},
	pages = {17-24},
	keywords = {biology, Britain, Cercopidae, Diptera, Homoptera, parasitoid, Pipunculidae},
	author = {Whittaker, J. B.}
}
@article {1774,
	title = {Bibliographical review on the biology of the pipunculid flies (Diptera : Pipunculidae)},
	journal = {Makunagi},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Not OCR{\textquoteright}d},
	pages = {8-16},
	address = {Osaka},
	keywords = {bibliography, biology, Pipunculidae, review},
	author = {Yano, K{\^o}ji}
}
@article {1778,
	title = {An evidence for behavioural change in Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hemiptera: Deltocephalidae) parasitized by pipunculid flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae)},
	journal = {Applied Entomology and Zoology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	note = {1 fig.; 5 ref.},
	pages = {94-96},
	abstract = {Studies were carried out in rice fields in Yamaguchi City, Japan, in 1980-83 to determine the effect of parasitization by pipunculids on the behaviour of Nephotettix cincticeps. The pipunculid species present were Pipunculus mutillatus, P. javanensis, P. orientalis, Tomosvaryella oryzaetora and T. epichalca. Percentage parasitism was 0-8.71 (averaging 2.55) for light-trap collections and 2.29-26.57 (averaging 13.34\%) for sweep-net collections. Examination of 236 examples of N. cincticeps attracted to windows on 25 July 1983 revealed no pipunculid larvae. However, both young and fully-developed larvae were found in examples of N. cincticeps collected in fields by both methods, and some of these adult hosts with empty abdomens contained fully-developed larvae. The results showed that the flight behaviour of N. cincticeps was affected by parasitization, and this was thought to be due to damage to the thoracic muscles and nervous system and to poor physiological condition.},
	keywords = {agricultural entomology, biology, cereals, Deltocephalidae, distribution, effects, flight, food plants, hosts, natural enemies, Nephotettix cincticeps, parasites, parasitoids, pests, Pipunculidae, rice},
	author = {Yano, K{\^o}ji and Morakote, Rut and Satoh, Michio and Asai, Ikuzo}
}
