02014nas a2200241   4500008004100000245024900041210006900290300001000359490000800369520108600377653001201463653001701475653001001492653001601502653001601518653001701534653001301551653001101564653001401575100002201589700002001611856014101631       2007                        eng d00aFirst observation of parasitic relations between big-headed flies, Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) and crane flies, Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera: Tupulidae: Tipulinae), with larval and puparial descriptions for the genus Nephrocerus0 aFirst observation of parasitic relations between bigheaded flies  a52-650 v1093 aNephrocerus atrapilus Skevington 2005 (Diptera: Pipunculidae) and Nephrocerus daeckei Johnson 1903 were reared as endoparasitoids of three species of adult crane flies in the genus Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera: Tipulidae). Two additional Tipula species were observed to host pipunculid larvae presumed to be species of Nephrocerus. Pipunculid larvae are known to parasitize auchenorrhynchous Hemiptera, particularly Cicadellidae, Delphacidae and Cercopidae but this is the first report of hosts for Nephrocerus, and the first recorded instance of adult Tipulidae being parasitized by another true fly. The rate of pipunculid parasitism of female crane flies in this study from all collecting sites was 42% (82/193), but the rate for males was 0.008% (1/119). Endoparasitoid pipunculid larvae undergo a rapid active feeding stage for less than 20 days, and then enter an intensive diapause for ten months before pupariation. External anatomical features of larvae and puparia of Nephrocerus are described and illustrated. Techniques for collecting and rearing Nephrocerus are described.10aDiptera10ahost records10alarva10aNephrocerus10aparasitoids10aPipunculidae10apuparium10aTipula10aTipulidae1 aKoenig, David, P.1 aYoung, Chen, W.  uhttps://pipunculidae.myspecies.info/content/first-observation-parasitic-relations-between-big-headed-flies-nephrocerus-zetterstedt-dipte