@article {1172,
	title = {Comparative functional morphology of the wings of Diptera},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {96},
	number = {1},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {27-47},
	abstract = {Wings of representative species of the order Diptera were compared with a simple model structure in which corrugated spars diverge from a V-shaped leading edge spar. Both develop torsion and camber when subjected to aerodynamic loads, forming a propeller shape. Both the leading edge and the cubitus of flies{\textquoteright} wings twist basally, allowing camber to be set up as the media hinges up or down at the arculus. Three different wing types were identified: stiff wings possessing 2 or 3 main spars; and wings capable of ventral flexion. In wings possessing only 2 spars, found mainly in the Nematocera, control of camber is achieved largely by the use of cross veins. Wing control and flight are generally imprecise. The 3rd spar, found in most Brachycera, in the Syrphidae and in the Conopidae controls camber and helps support a broader wing. Finer control of camber is exerted by marginal cross veins, and these insects generally have precise, darting flight. Ventral flexion mechanisms are found in the Simuliidae, the Stratiomyiidae, and widely in the Schizophora. Control of ventral flexion, which occurs at the end of the downstroke, allows fast, unpredictable manoeuvres. Functional similarities indicate either phylogenetic relationship or convergence.},
	keywords = {Conopidae, Pipunculidae, wings},
	author = {Ennos, A. Roland}
}
@article {1327,
	title = {A taxonomic revision of the pipunculid fly genus Chalarus Walker, with particular reference to the European fauna},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {105},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Addendum to article is attached},
	pages = {243-352},
	keywords = {Chalarus, European, new species, Pipunculidae, revision, taxonomy},
	author = {Jervis, M. A.}
}
@article {1480,
	title = {The biology of Cephalops curtifrons (Diptera: Pipunculidae), an endoparasite of Stenocranus minutus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1},
	year = {1979},
	note = {London, Academic Press},
	pages = {15-29},
	keywords = {biology, Cephalops curtifrons, Delphacidae, Hemiptera, parasitoid, Pipunculidae, Stenocranus minutus},
	author = {May, Yin Yin}
}
@article {1604,
	title = {Phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae (Diptera): evidence from larval stages},
	journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {September},
	pages = {1-112},
	abstract = {We estimated the phylogeny of Palaearctic Syrphidae using 187 larval morphological characters obtained from about 65\% of the fauna (85 supraspecific taxa represented by 118 species) and based the analysis at the generic level. The root of the syrphid tree was established from an outgroup consisting of other Aschizan families: the Platypezidae, Phoridae and Pipunculidae, with the tree rooted on the Lonchopteridae. The Syrphidae was the most derived Aschizan family. The Pipunculidae was the sister group to the Syrphidae. Eumerus was basal within Syrphidae. A trend exists towards increasing complexity of integumental folds and grooves across the Aschiza. In movement, the integument collapses along the line of these grooves. Grooves are evidence of muscles forming functional groups. Elaboration of independent groups of muscles appears to underlie much of the evolution of larval form within Aschiza. The basal feeding modes of syrphid larvae are mycophagy and phytophagy. Above these feedingmodes, all remaining syrphids fall into one of two lineages comprising entomophages and saprophages, each of which has a single origin within the apparently polyphyletic Volucella. Major morphological innovation is associated with shifts between feeding modes; within feeding modes, change is gradual and tends towards increasing complexity. Change is mostly in structures associated with the mouthparts, thorax, anal segment and locomotory organs. Generic diagnoses with biological and taxonomic notes and a key to genera using larval characters are provided.},
	keywords = {\&, Aschiza [Phylogeny / / Cladistic relationships, entomophage, evidence, larval character, Palaearctic region]., Palaearctic] [Nutrition / / Larval, phylogenetic, saproph, Syrphidae [General morphology / / Larval characters, systematic implications},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOR13600034861},
	author = {Rotheray, Graham and Gilbert, Francis}
}
